![]() ![]() The application of physical-based models within virtual sensors, for example by using Kalman filters, is a well-researched field. Machine learning methods and artificial intelligence in general are frequently used for this purpose. In addition to the classical theoretical modeling approach, it is also possible to generate these mathematical models through experimental modeling. Thus, a valid and reliable state estimate is available throughout. ![]() By using the hybrid method, unreliable estimations by the artificial intelligence-based model resulting from erroneous input signals are detected and handled. The implementation and validation is performed by a co-simulation between IPG CarMaker and MATLAB/Simulink. The state estimation is coupled with a central predictive vehicle dynamics control. The application example is the state estimation of the vehicle roll angle. Therefore, a hybrid method is presented that safeguards the reliability of artificial intelligence-based estimations. ![]() Due to the resulting black-box characteristics, virtual sensors based on artificial intelligence are not fully reliable, which can have fatal consequences in safety-critical applications. In addition to physical models resulting from theoretical modeling, artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches are increasingly used, which incorporate experimental modeling. This reduces language verbosity relative to Java, which demands often entirely redundant type specifications.Īs of Android Studio 3.0 Kotlin is a fully supported programming language on Android and lets the user choose between targeting Java 6- or Java 8-compatible bytecode.The use of virtual sensors in vehicles represents a cost-effective alternative to the installation of physical hardware. Kotlin uses aggressive type inference to determine the type of values and expressions for which type has been left unstated. While the syntax is not compatible with Java, Kotlin is designed to interoperate with Java code and is reliant on Java code from the existing Java Class Library, such as the collections framework. Its primary development is from a team of JetBrains programmers based in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Kotlin is a statically-typed programming language that runs on the Java virtual machine and also can be compiled to JavaScript source code or use the LLVM compiler infrastructure. ![]()
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